Chapter 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (CBSE Class 12)

Introduction

• Aldehydes and ketones are the compounds with carbon-oxygen double bonds (>C=O) called the carbonyl group having the general formula C_nH_2nO.
• Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group attached to either two H atoms or one H atom and one C- atom of an alkyl or aryl group.
• In ketones, the carbonyl group is attached to two C-atoms of an alkyl or aryl group.
• Organic compounds having the -COOH group are known as carboxylic compounds. their general formula is C_nH_2nO₂.

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Compounds

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Chemical Properties/ Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids

Chemical Properties/ Reaction of Carboxylic Acids

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

• Methanoic acid is used in rubber, textile, dying, leather and electroplating industries.
• Ethanoic acid is used as a solvent and as vinegar in the food industry.
• Hexenedioic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon-6,6.
• Esters of benzoic acid are used in perfumery.
• Sodium benzoate is used as a food preservative.
• Higher fatty acids are used in the manufacturing of soaps and detergents.