Chapter 8: Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques (CBSE Class 11)

Introduction

• Organic Chemistry deals with the study of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen elements) and other compounds regarded as derivatives of hydrocarbons. Some organic compounds may also contain nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, halogens, etc.
• Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, proposed that a ‘vital force’ was responsible for the formation of organic compounds.
• F. Wholer synthesised the first organic compound, urea from an inorganic compound, ammonium cyanate.

                       NH4(OCN) → NH3 + HOCN ⇌ (NH2)2CO

• Organic compounds like acetic acid synthesized by Kolbe and methane by Berthelot showed conclusively that organic compounds could be synthesised from inorganic sources in the laboratory.

Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds

The Shape of Carbon Compounds

Some Characteristic Features of pi-Bonds

Structural Representations of Organic Compounds

Complete, Condensed and Bond-line structural Formulas

Three-Dimensional Representation of Organic Molecules

Classification of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Isomerism

Types of Isomerism

Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism

Fission of a Covalent Bond

Reaction Intermediates

Attacking Reagents

Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds

Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds

Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds

Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds